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The resulting beam approximates the Fourier transform of the E-field distribution. The principle of the phased array is to synthesize a specified electric field (phase and amplitude) across an aperture. In many applications, both transmit and receive systems are needed the solution to this problem is known as the transmit/receive module (T/R module), which will be the subject for another day. The physics behind phased arrays are such that the antenna is bi-directional, that is, they will achieve the same steerable pattern in transmit as well as receive.
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Life is good, especially if it appears on a small screen! Of course, the main driver for all developments in consumer technology is pornography, in this case, now you and your date can watch pay-per-view flicks on the Playboy channel from the comfort of your recreational vehicle! For a couple thousand dollars, your kids can now watch eight Disney channels, while you tour the painted desert in your Winnebago. One consumer market that is developing for phase arrays is satellite television for vehicles such as RVs. On top of the phase shifter expense, phased arrays usually need a low noise amplifier at each element for receive operation, and a power amp at each element for a transmit signal. This is because they can be quite expensive, due to the need for many microwave phase shifters and their control signals. So far there are not many consumer applications of phased arrays with the recent exception of some of the newer WiFi routers. There's some trivia you won't learn on Wikipedia!!! It replaced the "Homing All-the way Killer", or Hawk missile.
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What does the acronym "Patriot" stand for? Phased Array TRack to Intercept Of Target. Moving forward in time, the photo next to it is the well-known phased-array antenna for the Patriot missile. Here is an example of an early L-band test array developed by Sperry Rand and evaluated by MIT Lincoln Laboratory in the early 1960s. You might be surprised to know that the inventor of the phased array was Karl Ferdinand Braun, sometime around 1905, for long distance radio communication by Marconi and Braun. A phased array receiver can be flush-mounted on the top of a commercial airplane's fuselage so that all of the happy passengers can receive satellite television! It is what allows a satellite to steer its beam around your continent without having to deal with the "slight problem" associated with trying to point things in space where every movement would require an equal and opposite mass to move in order to keep the satellite stabilized. It can keep an antenna locked onto a satellite, when the antenna is mounted on a moving platform. This concept can eliminate all the headaches of a gimbal in a radar system. Phased array antennas can be electrically steerable, which means the physical antenna can be stationary. Much of the material on this page was contributed by Arne Lüker, a friend of Microwaves101! For two excellent primers on phased arrays to our book page and pick up a copy of Stimson's or Skolnik's books. Phased arrays are the opposite of microwave career killers.
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Go to our download page and get the phase array spreadsheet!Ĭheck out the aperture gain rule of thumb at the bottom of this page!
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New for December 2017: here's a phased array tip, from Colin!Ĭlick here to go to our page on T/R modulesĬlick here to go to out page on time delay units (TDUs)Ĭlick here to go to our page on grating lobesĬlick here to go to our page on RMS error calculationsĬlick here to go to our main page on antennasĬlick here to go to our main page on phase shiftersĬlick here to go to our page on ferroelectric phase shifters New for Seotember 2018: here's a page on cylindrical phased arrays